Citation:
Singh BK, Lal H, Ranjan JK and Singh B.
2016. Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.): advances in genetic improvement. In: National Symposium on Vegetable
Legumes for Soil and Human Health (Singh B, Singh M, Rai AB, Singh PM, Prasad
RN, Mishra GP, Singh BK, Ranjan JK, Devi J, Seth T, Nagendran K., Chaukhande P,
Kumar R, Gautam KK, Gujjar RS and Kumar YB Eds). ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi, 12-14
February 2016, pp 125-136.
E-mail: bksinghkushinagar@yahoo.co.in
Common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.), an important legume, is a rich source of protein, vitamins,
minerals and fibre. The main categories of common beans, on the basis of uses, are
dry beans (seeds harvested at complete maturity), snap beans (tender pods with
reduced fibre harvested before the seed development phase) and shell beans (seeds
harvested at physiological maturity) and. Snap bean is also known as French
bean, garden bean, green bean, edible podded bean, string bean, fresh bean or vegetable
bean. As the name implies, snap beans break easily
when the pod is bent, giving off a distinct audible snap sound. The pods of snap beans (green, yellow and purple in colour) are harvested when they are
rapidly growing, fleshy, tender (not tough and stringy), bright in colour, and
the seeds are small and underdeveloped (8 to 10 days after flowering). After
that period, excessive seed development reduces quality and the pod becomes fibrous,
pithy and tough, and loses its bright colour. Snap bean seeds may also be used in dry static like the dry bean types. In
that case pinto, kidney, pink, small red, etc. terms are used. In India, the
dry bean type varieties are known as rajmash/rajmah, and snap bean named as
rajmah phali in Hindi. Common beans display a wide range of growth habits from
bush determinate to pole indeterminate types. Bush types are the most widely
grown and are a relatively short duration crop; but on the other hand, in
smallholder agriculture or in kitchen garden where land is scarce,
labour-intensive high-yielding climbing beans getting popularity now-a-days. Dry
bean is the largest pulse crop in the world with 23.60 mt of annual production
grown on 29.29 mha area; and the top ten producing countries are Mayanmar (3.90
mt), India (3.63 mt), Brazil (2.79 mt), China (1.46 mt), USA (1.45 mt), Tanzania
(1.20 mt), Mexico (1.08 mt), Kenya (0.61 mt), Ethiopia (0.46 mt) and Rawanda
(0.43 mt). Moreover, snap beans’ global annual production and area is about 20.74
mt and 1.54 mha, respectively with maximum production in China (16.20 mt)
followed by Indonesia (0.87 mt), India (0.62 mt), Turkey (0.61 mt), Thailand
(0.31 mt), Egypt (0.25 mt), Spain (0.17 mt), Italy (0.14 mt), Morocco (0.13 mt)
and Bangladesh (0.09 mt) [FAOSTAT 2012]. In
India, it is grown on an area of about 1 lakh ha mainly in the states of
Maharashtra, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North-East
hills, Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu), hills of central India, Palni hills (Kerala)
Chickmagalur (Karnataka) and Darjeeling hills (West Bengal). The tender pods of
snap bean are good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin
C), phylloquinone (vitamin K), β-carotene (vitamin A), riboflavin
(vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), Mn, K, Ca, P, Fe and omega-3 fatty acid. It
is a legume crop, do fix some nitrogen but the N fixing bacteria are not active
as with other legumes; therefore there is need to fertilize the field with
nitrogenous fertilizer to harness the yield potential.
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